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Chapter 24
There are basically three types of ablative absolutes in Latin:
As with participles, learn the literal meaning of the ablative absolute first, then the figurative translation ("when, if, since, although"). Note that the "absolute" part of the ablative absolute means that the construction is grammatically "removed" from the main sentence. In other words, the subject of the ablative absolute should not be a constituent of the main sentence, in theory—there are, however, many exceptions in Latin—and if the noun in the ablative absolute is used elsewhere in the sentence, the participle should be attached to the noun there, making an ablative absolute unnecessary. For the sake of simplicity, we will refer to the noun of the ablative absolute as the "subject of the ablative absolute" and the participle as the "verb of the ablative absolute."
Arguably, the most difficult thing about the passive periphrastic is its name. "Periphrastic" is derived from Greek and refers to a "roundabout (peri-) way of saying (-phrastic) something"—cf. the Latin-based term circumlocution ("speak around")—in this case "something said in an indirect way using the passive voice." A more descriptive and precise name might be the "gerundive of obligation or necessity." This construction adds to the verb a sense of obligation or necessity, usually encompassed in English with "must" or "should." It's important to remember that the Latin construction is always passive, implying "must be, should be." In addition to that, there are three important points about the passive periphrastic:
Click here for a handout which focuses on the translation of ablative absolutes and passive periphrastics. Click here for an other worksheet summarizing the rules for forming and using participles.
Here is a link to the Reading for this chapter, a passage from Ovid's Metamorphoses.
quisque: = the interrogative pronoun (quis, quid) + the suffix -que. re(d)-: An inseparable verbal prefix which, unlike most other verbal prefixes, cannot be used as an independent preposition. Most often, re(d)- adds only the connotation "back" or "behind" to the verb's basic meaning; see below, recipio ("take back") and relinquo ("leave behind"). |
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